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<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>git-checkout(1) Manual Page</h1>
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>git-checkout - Switch branches or restore working tree files</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="verseblock">
<pre class="content"><code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> [<code>-q</code>] [<code>-f</code>] [<code>-m</code>] [<em><branch></em>]
<code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> [<code>-q</code>] [<code>-f</code>] [<code>-m</code>] <code>--detach</code> [<em><branch></em>]
<code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> [<code>-q</code>] [<code>-f</code>] [<code>-m</code>] [<code>--detach</code>] <em><commit></em>
<code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> [<code>-q</code>] [<code>-f</code>] [<code>-m</code>] [[<code>-b</code>|<code>-B</code>|<code>--orphan</code>] <em><new-branch></em>] [<em><start-point></em>]
<code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> <em><tree-ish></em> [<code>--</code>] <em><pathspec></em>…​
<code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> <em><tree-ish></em> <code>--pathspec-from-file=</code><em><file></em> [<code>--pathspec-file-nul</code>]
<code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> [<code>-f</code>|<code>--ours</code>|<code>--theirs</code>|<code>-m</code>|<code>--conflict=</code><em><style></em>] [<code>--</code>] <em><pathspec></em>…​
<code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> [<code>-f</code>|<code>--ours</code>|<code>--theirs</code>|<code>-m</code>|<code>--conflict=</code><em><style></em>] <code>--pathspec-from-file=</code><em><file></em> [<code>--pathspec-file-nul</code>]
<code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> (<code>-p</code>|<code>--patch</code>) [<em><tree-ish></em>] [<code>--</code>] [<em><pathspec></em>…​]</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> has two main modes:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p><strong>Switch branches</strong>, with <code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> <em><branch></em></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Restore a different version of a file</strong>, for example with
<code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> <em><commit></em> <em><filename></em> or <code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> <em><filename></em></p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>See ARGUMENT DISAMBIGUATION below for how Git decides which one to do.</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> [<em><branch></em>]</dt>
<dd>
<p>Switch to <em><branch></em>. This sets the current branch to <em><branch></em> and
updates the files in your working directory. The checkout will fail
if there are uncommitted changes to any files where <em><branch></em> and
your current commit have different content. Uncommitted changes will
otherwise be kept.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If <em><branch></em> is not found but there does exist a tracking branch in
exactly one remote (call it <em><remote></em>) with a matching name and
<code>--no-guess</code> is not specified, treat as equivalent to</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git checkout -b <branch> --track <remote>/<branch></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Running <code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> without specifying a branch has no effect except
to print out the tracking information for the current branch.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> <code>-b</code> <em><new-branch></em> [<em><start-point></em>]</dt>
<dd>
<p>Create a new branch named <em><new-branch></em>, start it at <em><start-point></em>
(defaults to the current commit), and check out the new branch.
You can use the <code>--track</code> or <code>--no-track</code> options to set the branch’s
upstream tracking information.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This will fail if there’s an error checking out <em><new-branch></em>, for
example if checking out the <em><start-point></em> commit would overwrite your
uncommitted changes.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> <code>-B</code> <em><branch></em> [<em><start-point></em>]</dt>
<dd>
<p>The same as <code>-b</code>, except that if the branch already exists it
resets <em><branch></em> to the start point instead of failing.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> <code>--detach</code> [<em><branch></em>]</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> [<code>--detach</code>] <em><commit></em></dt>
<dd>
<p>The same as <code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> <em><branch></em>, except that instead of pointing
<code>HEAD</code> at the branch, it points <code>HEAD</code> at the commit ID.
See the "DETACHED HEAD" section below for more.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Omitting <em><branch></em> detaches <code>HEAD</code> at the tip of the current branch.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> <em><tree-ish></em> [<code>--</code>] <em><pathspec></em>...</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> <em><tree-ish></em> <code>--pathspec-from-file=</code><em><file></em> [<code>--pathspec-file-nul</code>]</dt>
<dd>
<p>Replace the specified files and/or directories with the version from
the given commit or tree and add them to the index
(also known as "staging area").</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For example, <code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> <code>main</code> <code>file.txt</code> will replace <code>file.txt</code>
with the version from <code>main</code>.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> [<code>-f</code>|<code>--ours</code>|<code>--theirs</code>|<code>-m</code>|<code>--conflict=</code><em><style></em>] [<code>--</code>] <em><pathspec></em>...</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> [<code>-f</code>|<code>--ours</code>|<code>--theirs</code>|<code>-m</code>|<code>--conflict=</code><em><style></em>] <code>--pathspec-from-file=</code><em><file></em> [<code>--pathspec-file-nul</code>]</dt>
<dd>
<p>Replace the specified files and/or directories with the version from
the index.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For example, if you check out a commit, edit <code>file.txt</code>, and then
decide those changes were a mistake, <code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> <code>file.txt</code> will
discard any unstaged changes to <code>file.txt</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This will fail if the file has a merge conflict and you haven’t yet run
<code>git</code> <code>add</code> <code>file.txt</code> (or something equivalent) to mark it as resolved.
You can use <code>-f</code> to ignore the unmerged files instead of failing, use
<code>--ours</code> or <code>--theirs</code> to replace them with the version from a specific
side of the merge, or use <code>-m</code> to replace them with the original
conflicted merge result.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> (<code>-p</code>|<code>--patch</code>) [<em><tree-ish></em>] [<code>--</code>] [<em><pathspec></em>...]</dt>
<dd>
<p>This is similar to the previous two modes, but lets you use the
interactive interface to show the "diff" output and choose which
hunks to use in the result. See below for the description of
<code>--patch</code> option.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-q</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--quiet</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Quiet, suppress feedback messages.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--progress</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-progress</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Progress status is reported on the standard error stream
by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless <code>--quiet</code>
is specified. This flag enables progress reporting even if not
attached to a terminal, regardless of <code>--quiet</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-f</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--force</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>When switching branches, proceed even if the index or the
working tree differs from <code>HEAD</code>, and even if there are untracked
files in the way. This is used to throw away local changes and
any untracked files or directories that are in the way.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When checking out paths from the index, do not fail upon unmerged
entries; instead, unmerged entries are ignored.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--ours</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--theirs</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>When checking out paths from the index, check out stage #2
(<code>ours</code>) or #3 (<code>theirs</code>) for unmerged paths.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that during <code>git</code> <code>rebase</code> and <code>git</code> <code>pull</code> <code>--rebase</code>, <code>ours</code> and
<code>theirs</code> may appear swapped; <code>--ours</code> gives the version from the
branch the changes are rebased onto, while <code>--theirs</code> gives the
version from the branch that holds your work that is being rebased.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This is because <code>rebase</code> is used in a workflow that treats the
history at the remote as the shared canonical one, and treats the
work done on the branch you are rebasing as the third-party work to
be integrated, and you are temporarily assuming the role of the
keeper of the canonical history during the rebase. As the keeper of
the canonical history, you need to view the history from the remote
as <code>ours</code> (i.e. "our shared canonical history"), while what you did
on your side branch as <code>theirs</code> (i.e. "one contributor’s work on top
of it").</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-b</code> <em><new-branch></em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Create a new branch named <em><new-branch></em>, start it at
<em><start-point></em>, and check the resulting branch out;
see <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a> for details.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-B</code> <em><new-branch></em></dt>
<dd>
<p>The same as <code>-b</code>, except that if the branch already exists it
resets <em><branch></em> to the start point instead of failing.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-t</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--track</code>[<code>=</code>(<code>direct</code>|<code>inherit</code>)]</dt>
<dd>
<p>When creating a new branch, set up "upstream" configuration. See
<code>--track</code> in <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a> for details. As a convenience,
--track without -b implies branch creation.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If no <code>-b</code> option is given, the name of the new branch will be
derived from the remote-tracking branch, by looking at the local part of
the refspec configured for the corresponding remote, and then stripping
the initial part up to the "*".
This would tell us to use <code>hack</code> as the local branch when branching
off of <code>origin/hack</code> (or <code>remotes/origin/hack</code>, or even
<code>refs/remotes/origin/hack</code>). If the given name has no slash, or the above
guessing results in an empty name, the guessing is aborted. You can
explicitly give a name with <code>-b</code> in such a case.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-track</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Do not set up "upstream" configuration, even if the
<code>branch.autoSetupMerge</code> configuration variable is true.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--guess</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-guess</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>If <em><branch></em> is not found but there does exist a tracking
branch in exactly one remote (call it <em><remote></em>) with a
matching name, treat as equivalent to</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git checkout -b <branch> --track <remote>/<branch></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If the branch exists in multiple remotes and one of them is named by
the <code>checkout.defaultRemote</code> configuration variable, we’ll use that
one for the purposes of disambiguation, even if the <em><branch></em> isn’t
unique across all remotes. Set it to
e.g. <code>checkout.defaultRemote=origin</code> to always checkout remote
branches from there if <em><branch></em> is ambiguous but exists on the
<em>origin</em> remote. See also <code>checkout.defaultRemote</code> in
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>--guess</code> is the default behavior. Use <code>--no-guess</code> to disable it.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The default behavior can be set via the <code>checkout.guess</code> configuration
variable.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-l</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Create the new branch’s reflog; see <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a> for
details.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-d</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--detach</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Rather than checking out a branch to work on it, check out a
commit for inspection and discardable experiments.
This is the default behavior of <code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> <em><commit></em> when
<em><commit></em> is not a branch name. See the "DETACHED HEAD" section
below for details.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--orphan</code> <em><new-branch></em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Create a new unborn branch, named <em><new-branch></em>, started from
<em><start-point></em> and switch to it. The first commit made on this
new branch will have no parents and it will be the root of a new
history totally disconnected from all the other branches and
commits.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The index and the working tree are adjusted as if you had previously run
<code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> <em><start-point></em>. This allows you to start a new history
that records a set of paths similar to <em><start-point></em> by easily running
<code>git</code> <code>commit</code> <code>-a</code> to make the root commit.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This can be useful when you want to publish the tree from a commit
without exposing its full history. You might want to do this to publish
an open source branch of a project whose current tree is "clean", but
whose full history contains proprietary or otherwise encumbered bits of
code.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you want to start a disconnected history that records a set of paths
that is totally different from the one of <em><start-point></em>, then you should
clear the index and the working tree right after creating the orphan
branch by running <code>git</code> <code>rm</code> <code>-rf</code> . from the top level of the working tree.
Afterwards you will be ready to prepare your new files, repopulating the
working tree, by copying them from elsewhere, extracting a tarball, etc.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--ignore-skip-worktree-bits</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>In sparse checkout mode, <code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> <code>--</code> <em><path></em>... would
update only entries matched by <em><paths></em> and sparse patterns
in <code>$GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout</code>. This option ignores
the sparse patterns and adds back any files in <em><path></em>....</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-m</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--merge</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>When switching branches,
if you have local modifications to one or more files that
are different between the current branch and the branch to
which you are switching, the command refuses to switch
branches in order to preserve your modifications in context.
However, with this option, a three-way merge between the current
branch, your working tree contents, and the new branch
is done, and you will be on the new branch.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When a merge conflict happens, the index entries for conflicting
paths are left unmerged, and you need to resolve the conflicts
and mark the resolved paths with <code>git</code> <code>add</code> (or <code>git</code> <code>rm</code> if the merge
should result in deletion of the path).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When checking out paths from the index, this option lets you recreate
the conflicted merge in the specified paths. This option cannot be
used when checking out paths from a tree-ish.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When switching branches with <code>--merge</code>, staged changes may be lost.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--conflict=</code><em><style></em></dt>
<dd>
<p>The same as <code>--merge</code> option above, but changes the way the
conflicting hunks are presented, overriding the
<code>merge.conflictStyle</code> configuration variable. Possible values are
<code>merge</code> (default), <code>diff3</code>, and <code>zdiff3</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-p</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--patch</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Interactively select hunks in the difference between the
<em><tree-ish></em> (or the index, if unspecified) and the working
tree. The chosen hunks are then applied in reverse to the
working tree (and if a <em><tree-ish></em> was specified, the index).</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This means that you can use <code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> <code>-p</code> to selectively discard
edits from your current working tree. See the "Interactive Mode"
section of <a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a> to learn how to operate the <code>--patch</code> mode.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that this option uses the no overlay mode by default (see also
<code>--overlay</code>), and currently doesn’t support overlay mode.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-U</code><em><n></em></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--unified=</code><em><n></em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Generate diffs with <em><n></em> lines of context. Defaults to <code>diff.context</code>
or 3 if the config option is unset.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--inter-hunk-context=</code><em><n></em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Show the context between diff hunks, up to the specified <em><number></em>
of lines, thereby fusing hunks that are close to each other.
Defaults to <code>diff.interHunkContext</code> or 0 if the config option
is unset.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--ignore-other-worktrees</code></dt>
<dd>
<p><code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> refuses when the wanted branch is already checked
out or otherwise in use by another worktree. This option makes
it check the branch out anyway. In other words, the branch can
be in use by more than one worktree.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--overwrite-ignore</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-overwrite-ignore</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Silently overwrite ignored files when switching branches. This
is the default behavior. Use <code>--no-overwrite-ignore</code> to abort
the operation when the new branch contains ignored files.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--recurse-submodules</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-recurse-submodules</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Using <code>--recurse-submodules</code> will update the content of all active
submodules according to the commit recorded in the superproject. If
local modifications in a submodule would be overwritten the checkout
will fail unless <code>-f</code> is used. If nothing (or <code>--no-recurse-submodules</code>)
is used, submodules working trees will not be updated.
Just like <a href="git-submodule.html">git-submodule(1)</a>, this will detach <code>HEAD</code> of the
submodule.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--overlay</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-overlay</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>In the default overlay mode, <code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> never
removes files from the index or the working tree. When
specifying <code>--no-overlay</code>, files that appear in the index and
working tree, but not in <em><tree-ish></em> are removed, to make them
match <em><tree-ish></em> exactly.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--pathspec-from-file=</code><em><file></em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Pathspec is passed in <em><file></em> instead of commandline args. If
<em><file></em> is exactly <code>-</code> then standard input is used. Pathspec
elements are separated by <em>LF</em> or <em>CR</em>/<em>LF</em>. Pathspec elements can be
quoted as explained for the configuration variable <code>core.quotePath</code>
(see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). See also <code>--pathspec-file-nul</code> and
global <code>--literal-pathspecs</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--pathspec-file-nul</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Only meaningful with <code>--pathspec-from-file</code>. Pathspec elements are
separated with <em>NUL</em> character and all other characters are taken
literally (including newlines and quotes).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><em><branch></em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Branch to checkout; if it refers to a branch (i.e., a name that,
when prepended with "refs/heads/", is a valid ref), then that
branch is checked out. Otherwise, if it refers to a valid
commit, your <code>HEAD</code> becomes "detached" and you are no longer on
any branch (see below for details).</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can use the <code>@</code>{-N} syntax to refer to the N-th last
branch/commit checked out using "git checkout" operation. You may
also specify <code>-</code> which is synonymous to <code>@</code>{-1}.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>As a special case, you may use <em><rev-a></em><code>...</code><em><rev-b></em> as a shortcut for the
merge base of <em><rev-a></em> and <em><rev-b></em> if there is exactly one merge base. You can
leave out at most one of <em><rev-a></em> and <em><rev-b></em>, in which case it defaults to <code>HEAD</code>.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><em><new-branch></em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Name for the new branch.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><em><start-point></em></dt>
<dd>
<p>The name of a commit at which to start the new branch; see
<a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a> for details. Defaults to <code>HEAD</code>.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>As a special case, you may use <em><rev-a></em><code>...</code><em><rev-b></em> as a shortcut for the
merge base of <em><rev-a></em> and <em><rev-b></em> if there is exactly one merge base. You can
leave out at most one of <em><rev-a></em> and <em><rev-b></em>, in which case it defaults to <code>HEAD</code>.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><em><tree-ish></em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Tree to checkout from (when paths are given). If not specified,
the index will be used.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>As a special case, you may use <em><rev-a></em><code>...</code><em><rev-b></em> as a shortcut for the
merge base of <em><rev-a></em> and <em><rev-b></em> if there is exactly one merge base. You can
leave out at most one of <em><rev-a></em> and <em><rev-b></em>, in which case it defaults to <code>HEAD</code>.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Do not interpret any more arguments as options.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><em><pathspec></em>...</dt>
<dd>
<p>Limits the paths affected by the operation.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For more details, see the <em>pathspec</em> entry in <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>.</p>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_detached_head">DETACHED HEAD</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>HEAD</code> normally refers to a named branch (e.g. <code>master</code>). Meanwhile, each
branch refers to a specific commit. Let’s look at a repo with three
commits, one of them tagged, and with branch <code>master</code> checked out:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre> HEAD (refers to branch 'master')
|
v
a---b---c branch 'master' (refers to commit 'c')
^
|
tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When a commit is created in this state, the branch is updated to refer to
the new commit. Specifically, <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> creates a new commit <code>d</code>, whose
parent is commit <code>c</code>, and then updates branch <code>master</code> to refer to new
commit <code>d</code>. <code>HEAD</code> still refers to branch <code>master</code> and so indirectly now refers
to commit <code>d</code>:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ edit; git add; git commit
HEAD (refers to branch 'master')
|
v
a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')
^
|
tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>It is sometimes useful to be able to checkout a commit that is not at
the tip of any named branch, or even to create a new commit that is not
referenced by a named branch. Let’s look at what happens when we
checkout commit <code>b</code> (here we show two ways this may be done):</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git checkout v2.0 # or
$ git checkout master^^
HEAD (refers to commit 'b')
|
v
a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')
^
|
tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Notice that regardless of which checkout command we use, <code>HEAD</code> now refers
directly to commit <code>b</code>. This is known as being in detached <code>HEAD</code> state.
It means simply that <code>HEAD</code> refers to a specific commit, as opposed to
referring to a named branch. Let’s see what happens when we create a commit:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ edit; git add; git commit
HEAD (refers to commit 'e')
|
v
e
/
a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')
^
|
tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>There is now a new commit <code>e</code>, but it is referenced only by <code>HEAD</code>. We can
of course add yet another commit in this state:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ edit; git add; git commit
HEAD (refers to commit 'f')
|
v
e---f
/
a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')
^
|
tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In fact, we can perform all the normal Git operations. But, let’s look
at what happens when we then checkout <code>master</code>:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git checkout master
HEAD (refers to branch 'master')
e---f |
/ v
a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')
^
|
tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>It is important to realize that at this point nothing refers to commit
<code>f</code>. Eventually commit <code>f</code> (and by extension commit <code>e</code>) will be deleted
by the routine Git garbage collection process, unless we create a reference
before that happens. If we have not yet moved away from commit <code>f</code>,
any of these will create a reference to it:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git checkout -b foo # or "git switch -c foo" <b class="conum">(1)</b>
$ git branch foo <b class="conum">(2)</b>
$ git tag foo <b class="conum">(3)</b></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="colist arabic">
<ol>
<li>
<p>creates a new branch <code>foo</code>, which refers to commit <code>f</code>, and then
updates <code>HEAD</code> to refer to branch <code>foo</code>. In other words, we’ll no longer
be in detached <code>HEAD</code> state after this command.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>similarly creates a new branch <code>foo</code>, which refers to commit <code>f</code>,
but leaves <code>HEAD</code> detached.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>creates a new tag <code>foo</code>, which refers to commit <code>f</code>,
leaving <code>HEAD</code> detached.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If we have moved away from commit <code>f</code>, then we must first recover its object
name (typically by using git reflog), and then we can create a reference to
it. For example, to see the last two commits to which <code>HEAD</code> referred, we
can use either of these commands:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git reflog -2 HEAD # or
$ git log -g -2 HEAD</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_argument_disambiguation">ARGUMENT DISAMBIGUATION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When you run <code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> <em><something></em>, Git tries to guess whether
<em><something></em> is intended to be a branch, a commit, or a set of file(s),
and then either switches to that branch or commit, or restores the
specified files.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If there’s any ambiguity, Git will treat <em><something></em> as a branch or
commit, but you can use the double dash <code>--</code> to force Git to treat the
parameter as a list of files and/or directories, like this:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>git checkout -- file.txt</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_1_paths">1. Paths</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following sequence checks out the <code>master</code> branch, reverts
the <code>Makefile</code> to two revisions back, deletes <code>hello.c</code> by
mistake, and gets it back from the index.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git checkout master <b class="conum">(1)</b>
$ git checkout master~2 Makefile <b class="conum">(2)</b>
$ rm -f hello.c
$ git checkout hello.c <b class="conum">(3)</b></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="colist arabic">
<ol>
<li>
<p>switch branch</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>take a file out of another commit</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>restore <code>hello.c</code> from the index</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you want to check out <em>all</em> C source files out of the index,
you can say</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git checkout -- '*.c'</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note the quotes around <code>*.c</code>. The file <code>hello.c</code> will also be
checked out, even though it is no longer in the working tree,
because the file globbing is used to match entries in the index
(not in the working tree by the shell).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you have an unfortunate branch that is named <code>hello.c</code>, this
step would be confused as an instruction to switch to that branch.
You should instead write:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git checkout -- hello.c</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_2_merge">2. Merge</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>After working in the wrong branch, switching to the correct
branch would be done using:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git checkout mytopic</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>However, your "wrong" branch and correct <code>mytopic</code> branch may
differ in files that you have modified locally, in which case
the above checkout would fail like this:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git checkout mytopic
error: You have local changes to 'frotz'; not switching branches.</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can give the <code>-m</code> flag to the command, which would try a
three-way merge:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git checkout -m mytopic
Auto-merging frotz</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>After this three-way merge, the local modifications are <em>not</em>
registered in your index file, so <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> would show you what
changes you made since the tip of the new branch.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_3_merge_conflict">3. Merge conflict</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When a merge conflict happens during switching branches with
the <code>-m</code> option, you would see something like this:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git checkout -m mytopic
Auto-merging frotz
ERROR: Merge conflict in frotz
fatal: merge program failed</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>At this point, <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> shows the changes cleanly merged as in
the previous example, as well as the changes in the conflicted
files. Edit and resolve the conflict and mark it resolved with
<code>git</code> <code>add</code> as usual:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ edit frotz
$ git add frotz</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_configuration">CONFIGURATION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Everything below this line in this section is selectively included
from the <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> documentation. The content is the same
as what’s found there:</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>checkout.defaultRemote</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>When you run <code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> <em><something></em>
or <code>git</code> <code>switch</code> <em><something></em> and only have one
remote, it may implicitly fall back on checking out and
tracking e.g. <code>origin/</code><em><something></em>. This stops working as soon
as you have more than one remote with a <em><something></em>
reference. This setting allows for setting the name of a
preferred remote that should always win when it comes to
disambiguation. The typical use-case is to set this to
<code>origin</code>.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Currently this is used by <a href="git-switch.html">git-switch(1)</a> and
<a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a> when <code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> <em><something></em>
or <code>git</code> <code>switch</code> <em><something></em>
will checkout the <em><something></em> branch on another remote,
and by <a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree(1)</a> when <code>git</code> <code>worktree</code> <code>add</code> refers to a
remote branch. This setting might be used for other checkout-like
commands or functionality in the future.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>checkout.guess</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Provides the default value for the <code>--guess</code> or <code>--no-guess</code>
option in <code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> and <code>git</code> <code>switch</code>. See
<a href="git-switch.html">git-switch(1)</a> and <a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>checkout.workers</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>The number of parallel workers to use when updating the working tree.
The default is one, i.e. sequential execution. If set to a value less
than one, Git will use as many workers as the number of logical cores
available. This setting and <code>checkout.thresholdForParallelism</code> affect
all commands that perform checkout. E.g. checkout, clone, reset,
sparse-checkout, etc.</p>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
Parallel checkout usually delivers better performance for repositories
located on SSDs or over NFS. For repositories on spinning disks and/or machines
with a small number of cores, the default sequential checkout often performs
better. The size and compression level of a repository might also influence how
well the parallel version performs.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>checkout.thresholdForParallelism</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>When running parallel checkout with a small number of files, the cost
of subprocess spawning and inter-process communication might outweigh
the parallelization gains. This setting allows you to define the minimum
number of files for which parallel checkout should be attempted. The
default is 100.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="git-switch.html">git-switch(1)</a>,
<a href="git-restore.html">git-restore(1)</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated 2025-11-17 16:38:17 UTC
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